 124. Philosophy � Greek
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naturalism = a position that seeks to explain all phenomena
by means of strictly natural (as opposed to supernatural)
categories.
- nominalism = the doctrine that general terms are, in effect,
nothing more than words. (Compare realism.)
- operationalism = the doctrine that scientific concepts
are tools for prediction rather than descriptions of hidden
realities.
- pantheism = the belief that God is identical with the universe.
- personalism = the theory that ultimate reality consists
of a plurality of spiritual beings or independent persons.
- phenomenology = (see Modern Philosophy above).
- pluralism = the belief that there are more than two irreducible
kinds of reality.
- positivism = the doctrine that man can have no knowledge
outside science.
- pragmatism = a philosophical method that makes practical
consequences the test of truth.
- predestination = the doctrine that the events of a human's
life are determined beforehand.
- rationalism = the theory that reason alone, without the
aid of experience, can arrive at the basic reality of the
universe.
- realism = the doctrine that general terms have a real existence.
- relativism = the rejection of the concept of absolute and
invariable truths.
- skepticism = the doctrine that nothing can be known with
certainty.
- sensationalism = the theory that sensations are the ultimate
and real components of the world.
- stoicism = a philosophical school that believed that reason
(God) was the basis of the universe and that humanity
should live in harmony with nature.
- structuralism = the doctrine that language is essentially
a system of rules; or the extension of this idea to culture
as a whole.
- transcendentalism = the belief in an ultimate reality that
transcends human experience.
- voluntarism = the theory that will is a determining factor
in the universe.
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